Currently, nearly 50% of all food production is enhanced with fertilizer made by the Haber-Bosch (HB) process. Invented in 1914, this process utilizes purification techniques to refine hydrogen from fossil fuels, then combines it at high pressures and temperatures with nitrogen gas at massive scales. At the time, many scientists believed that alternative methods would inevitably replace the resource-intensive fossil fuel basis. More than 100 years and hundreds of major scientific advancements later, that is finally becoming reality. 

Chocolate is the most popular candy produced in the world. Traditionally, it is presented as bars or nuggets, or molded and sculpted with a great deal of manpower and time. However, with an accessible 3D printer, people could create a custom chocolate figure at a much lower price. Our objective was to design and optimize a procedure to adapt an inexpensive 3D printer to “print” chocolate structures and establish a standard procedure to do so.

As electrical demands continue to increase, so do demands for cooling, particularly when applied to portable power and power storage systems. Lithium-ion, the preferred energy storage system, requires tight temperature control to operate efficiently and safely. We researched the applications of thermoelectric cooling compared to traditional cooling systems such as liquid and blower cooling systems.

The prolific production of plastics—exceeding 8 billion metric tons worldwide as of 2022— has become an environmental problem. These materials are useful because they are cost-effective and have diverse desirable properties. But these plastics end up in water and food supplies and natural ecosystems. In the US, less than 9% of plastic waste undergoes recycling. Polyolefins such as linear polyethylene (HDPE), form most of the world’s plastic waste. Polyolefins are chemically inert, so chemical recycling and industrial composting are not economical options.

Flow characterization has many useful applications in chemical and biomedical engineering industries. Laminar flow in water produces a glass-like presentation that is visually pleasing. We wanted to produce a consumer-grade level laminar flow nozzle device that retains this aesthetic quality but is comparable to other existing products which cost between $600 and $2000.